Pinguecula vs pterygium: the difference between two eye growths

Pinguecula and pterygium are two common eye conditions that are often confused because their names sound alike. Both are growths on the conjunctiva, the clear tissue that covers the white of the eye (the sclera). This guide explains the differences between them, their causes, symptoms and treatment.

Pinguecula

A pinguecula is a non-cancerous growth on the conjunctiva. It usually looks like a yellowish, raised bump, most often on the side of the eye nearest the nose. Pingueculae (the plural) are linked to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, such as sunlight, and are more common in people who spend a lot of time outdoors.

Causes

The main cause is thought to be long exposure to the environment, especially UV rays. Dust, wind and dry climates also contribute. People who work in jobs with a lot of sun exposure, such as agriculture or construction, may be at higher risk.

Symptoms

A pinguecula usually causes no symptoms. Some people notice dryness, irritation or a feeling that something is in the eye. It can become red and inflamed, especially when exposed to irritants.

Prevention and treatment

• Wear sunglasses that protect against UV rays.
• Use artificial tears (lubricating eye drops) to relieve dryness.
• If a pinguecula becomes irritated or inflamed, an eye doctor may prescribe steroid eye drops.
• Surgical removal is rarely needed, unless the pinguecula causes significant discomfort or affects vision.

Pterygium

A pterygium is also a growth on the conjunctiva, but it is more invasive and can extend onto the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye. Unlike a pinguecula, it is not a separate bump: it is a wedge-shaped, fleshy growth that may slowly creep across the cornea. Pterygia are linked to long sun exposure and can develop in people who live in sunny climates.

Causes

As with pinguecula, too much UV light is a major factor. Long-term irritation from dust, wind or dry air may also contribute. A genetic tendency and a history of outdoor activity without proper eye protection are further risk factors.

Symptoms

Symptoms can include redness, irritation, blurred vision and a gritty or burning feeling. As the growth moves onto the cornea, it can change the eye's focusing surface, causing astigmatism or other vision problems.

Prevention and treatment

• Protect your eyes from too much UV light with sunglasses and a hat.
• Lubricating eye drops can relieve dryness and irritation.
• If the symptoms are significant or vision is affected, surgical removal may be considered. A pterygium can grow back, so close monitoring after surgery is essential.

How to tell them apart

In short

Telling pinguecula and pterygium apart is important for the right diagnosis and care. Both are influenced by the environment, with UV exposure a common risk factor. A pinguecula is usually harmless and may need no treatment, while a pterygium that causes significant symptoms or affects vision may need surgery. If you notice a growth on the white of your eye, have it examined by an ophthalmologist (eye specialist).